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Racial right

Spoken words fly away, written words remain

A response to Jamie’s latest comment


In other words: National Socialist men shouldn’t have a publishing house on this continent, really?

What about the scandal in white nationalism, that the most important non-fiction book of the last century by an American (William Pierce’s racial history, Who We Are) is still unpublished?

How is it possible that they haven’t even written a scholarly counterpart to Leonard Zeskind’s about the history of the American racialist movement?

As I recently commented about the German NS booklets, there should have been a house that published splendid translations with such beautiful fonts, type of paper and covers that reading them would be a literary treat. With all the money the Bund spent on the camps, wasn’t it possible to use some of it for a modest, albeit careful publisher?

What is left of American National Socialism after the government took down the Bund, and Rockwell was assassinated when I was a child? Nothing that a normie is aware of. Don’t you know the proverb from a speech of senator Caius Titus to the Roman Senate: Verba volant, scripta manent?

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Martin Kerr Mein Kampf (book)

History of American NS, 3

Critical assessment of the pre-war movement

The first period of development of American National Socialism came to an end with the entry of the United States into the Second World War. Although some tiny remnants of the pre-War movement continued through the War years and into the post-War period, for all practical purposes, the attack on Pearl Harbor by Germany’s Japanese ally put an end to the American movement as a force on the political scene. A great divide separates pre-War National Socialism from its post-War counterpart. Therefore, before resuming a chronological account of NS development, it is appropriate to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the pre-War movement, its successes and failures.

 
Strategic overview

With the benefit of eighty years of historical perspective, we can say that there were two optimal strategies that the Movement could have pursued in the pre-War period.

1. American National Socialists could have dedicated themselves to supporting National Socialist Germany by adopting a low profile, and working to weaken the economic boycott against the Reich, and fostering German-American friendship. Those who wanted to play a more active role in building National Socialism could have relocated to Germany. This strategic role for the Movement is the one favoured by Adolf Hitler.

2. Alternately, American comrades could have focused their resources and energy on building an authentic American NS movement, rooted in the broad masses of White America, that would have been separate from, but allied to, the Hitler movement in Germany. This is the course favoured by Peter Stahrenberg of the American National Socialist Party, and a small segment of the American movement.

But neither of these two strategies were pursued in a focused manner. Instead, American National Socialists, who were overwhelmingly German in ethnic or national origin, chose to support the German-American Bund. The Bund’s strategy (to the degree that it had any grand strategy) was to serve as a home for Germans in exile from their fatherland. It imitated the NSDAP in every way it could, and conducted no outreach to non-German-American Whites. It dressed its members in stormtrooper uniforms and attempted to reenact the German NS kampfzeit on American soil. Its public activities included marches and meetings, which often ended in brawls with Jewish and Marxist opponents. Such battles were then reported in newspapers, magazines and newsreels.

Although the coverage was always negative, the media gave an exaggerated portrayal of the Bund’s strength, implying that it posed a real threat to American democracy. Perhaps this publicity was in some way psychologically and emotionally fulfilling to ordinary Bund members. But if it pleased the Bund it was a black eye to Hitler, who was trying to convince America and Western Europe that the New Germany was not the menace its enemies claimed it was.

Other Bund activities were low key and internal, such as those that strengthened the folk identity of German-Americans through an emphasis on German language and custom. But in the long run, these activities did not contribute to establishing National Socialism as a native movement on the shores of the New World.

From hindsight we can judge that the pre-war movement was a strategic failure in every sense. It failed to provide substantial aid to National Socialist Germany, and it undercut Hitler’s efforts to have normal diplomatic and economic relations with the US. Rather than building support for National Socialism among White Americans, it played into the Jews’ false narrative: Hitler was a dangerous, evil mastermind, and the ‘Bundists’ were his willing goons and thugs. The Bund’s image convinced ordinary citizens that Hitler harboured sinister and aggressive designs on the US, and that the Bund itself constituted a ‘fifth column’ that would aid the German military in the conquest of America in the event of an invasion. No concerted effort was made to explain National Socialism – either as a worldview or a political-economic system – to the American public.

In consequence, ordinary White Americans believed the lie that Hitler posed a threat to their lives and liberties. Little wonder that George Lincoln Rockwell dropped out of college in the months before Pearl Harbor, so that he could join the US Navy and help ‘stop Hitler’ from conquering America!
 

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Editor’s note: The racialists who believe in ‘optics’ seem to be saying: Jews control the media and have created a false view of reality. We must behave under that vision, so as not to appear as Hollywood Nazis before the brainwashed public.

That’s a rather twisted way of seeing things. In my opinion, the public relations (PR) problem of the Bund members was the same problem of the Germans on the other side of the Atlantic: Christianity!

Mein Kampf wasn’t remotely as comprehensive a text as, say, the collection of articles by several authors in The Fair Race’s Darkest Hour (I merely added a preface). As John Gardner said in my recent post ‘Yggdrasil’:

Surprisingly, I was unable to find any coherent and helpful works in English translation from the Third Reich explaining how National Socialism might save us. Most of the major works of that period, including Rosenberg’s Myth of the Twentieth Century and Hitler’s Mein Kampf are dreadful tomes, which fail to recognize our basic predicament.

In German National Socialism there wasn’t an equivalent, under the pen of its Führer, of Marx’s The Communist Manifesto. The closest thing to it is an unsigned SS pamphlet which we reproduced in The Fair Race: a pamphlet that mentions the churches as the enemy together with liberals, commies and Jews.

Keep in mind how Savitri had been quoting Hitler’s intimate talks in our series. Hitler couldn’t say openly what he said privately because the majority of Germans were Christians. The Führer bloated his PR text, Mein Kampf, with many unreadable pages not written by him, so much so that David Irving didn’t read it so as not to distort his view of the historical Adolf!

Hitler did that because the people weren’t ready for the pure and naked truth that could be expressed in a brief manifesto (remember that in his intimate table talks there are more passages critical of Christianity than of Judaism). The net result is that the American Nazis of yore lacked a comprehensive manifesto, and the same could be said of Rockwell.

Paraphrasing Mark’s gospel, publicly Hitler didn’t speak to the masses without a parable; but he explained everything in plain language to his apostles. Under this dynamic, the only correct practice for German Americans was to do what some did: return to Germany and submit to the orders of the state. Personally, if I had been one of them and had to stay in this continent, I’d have formed a publishing house to explain NS in the plainest way we could imagine; say, by translating into English those pamphlets I have been quoting. That would have been much better than what they did!

But in this, failure to found a publishing house, everyone erred including William Pierce as we shall see in future instalments of this series. Kerr continues:

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Following the war, the tattered and beleaguered remnants of the pre-war movement tentatively came together to resume the struggle. But there were no Bund members among them. Of the 25,000 or so members that the Bund had at its height, none chose to actively resume the fight when the war was done. In the 1960s, Lincoln Rockwell waited in vain for a mass influx of former Bund members, whom he hoped would provide an initial membership base for his nascent NS party. I, personally, knew a half-dozen or so members of the original German Hitler Youth who joined the National Socialist White People’s Party and took part in its demonstrations in the 1970s, but I never met a single former member of the Bund’s Order Division or its youth organization who did so. August Klapprott, his family, and a handful of his comrades provided behind-the-scenes advice and moral support to the NSWPP. I am told that former Bund members also provided the initial impetus to the formation of Gerhard Lauck’s NSDAP-AO. But beyond that, the Bund failed to provide leadership, direction or even a meagre physical presence to the post-war movement.

Tragically, this failure was not foreordained, but largely was the result of the moral shortcomings of two key Movement leaders, Heinz Spanknoebel and Fritz Kuhn

 
The moral failings of Spanknoebel and Kuhn

The three leading figures in pre-War American National Socialism were Fritz Gissibl, Heinz Spanknoebel and Fritz Kuhn. Spanknoebel and Kuhn were cut from the same cloth: both men were energetic and intelligent, with strong personalities and a flair for the dramatic. The two were sincerely dedicated to building National Socialism in the US, but only on the condition that National Socialism itself was subordinate to their agendas. While they demanded obedience from their followers in the name of Adolf Hitler, they were not loyal to Hitler in an absolute sense.

Both Spanknoebel (as the leader of Gau-USA) and Kuhn (as Bundesleiter) falsely told their followers that they had a mandate from Hitler to lead the American movement. While they were misrepresenting themselves to their followers as being the executors of the Fuehrer’s instructions, they were charting a course for the Movement that they knew contravened Hitler’s express wishes. Simply put, they thought that they knew better than the Führer, even in the face of evidence to the contrary. Their ultimate loyalty was not to Hitler, but their egos.

In the end, Spanknoebel came to heel and voluntarily subordinated himself to the will of the Führer. His wartime service in the SS and eventual death in a Soviet gulag largely expiates his earlier hubris. But even so, the damage that he did to American National Socialism proved irreversible.

Kuhn, for his part, picked up where Spanknoebel left off, charting a course for the Bund that negated its domestic potential and made it a parody of the NSDAP. As with Spanknoebel, even in the face of direct criticism from the German movement, Kuhn wilfully pursued a course of development that he found personally gratifying, but which was a dead-end for National Socialism in the New World.

Kuhn’s decision to cheat on his wife with a mistress, whom he then supported with Movement funds, further underscores his fundamental flaw: when a conflict arose between what was best for the Bund, and what Kuhn believed to be in his interests, he followed the dictates of his ego.

In contrast to Spanknoebel and Kuhn is Fritz Gissibl, founder of Teutonia and briefly leader of the Friends of the New Germany. Gissibl was quiet and unassuming compared to the other two men. But though he lacked their flair, he was a hundred per cent loyal to Hitler, not just in word, but indeed as well. He carried out the directives that he received from the NSDAP in leading the American movement as well as he could.

In 1936 he returned to Germany, where he worked with Deutsches Auslands Institut in encouraging other expatriate Germans to return to the Fatherland. When the war came, he joined the SS, rising to the rank of Obersturmbannfuehrer. His ultimate fate is uncertain, some sources saying that he perished on the Eastern Front in 1944, while other people claim that he survived the war and was imprisoned for 18 months in a Soviet ‘denazification’ concentration camp. Either way, the Bund would have pursued a different course of development if he had been the Bundesleiter, a course that would be in keeping with Hitler’s will.

 
A chink in our armor

The failings of Spanknoebel and Kuhn point out a weakness in National Socialist doctrine that needs to be addressed. Under the leadership principle, a person in a position of authority has both absolute authority and the concomitant absolute responsibility in carrying out the job assigned to him. Someone who fails in successfully executing his mission is subject to removal from office. But what happens when that person is the supreme leader? Who removes him then? In the case of the pre-war American movement, there was no mechanism in place to remove a national leader who placed his subjective desires above the objective good of the cause. Indeed, in the absence of any oversight, it is not clear whether the senior leadership of the FND or the Bund were even aware that Spanknoebel and Kuhn were disobeying the instructions given to them by the NSDAP.

 
Tactical successes

Although the pre-war movement was a strategic failure in building National Socialism in America, it enjoyed success on a tactical or operational level on several fronts.

We have previously noted that the Bund established a nationwide organizational structure that included 163 local chapters in 47 of the 48 states. It had 18 summer youth camps and facilities that provided for Bund members to live in a National Socialist community year-round if they desired. There was a weekly bilingual newspaper and other publications. In the 1930s, America had a population of roughly 100 million – less than a third of what it has today. Thus, the Bund membership of 25,000 would be 75,000 in today’s terms. The 3,000 men of its Order Division would be 9,000 strong. Especially impressive was the Bund’s success in organizing its local chapters as folk communities, which included cultural, social and youth activities. There was a place in the Bund for women, children, veterans and the elderly – not just for military-age males.

 
August Klapprott’s critique

In the 1970s, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity on two occasions to speak privately at length with August Klapprott concerning the Bund. Klappott’s credentials were impressive: leader of the Bund in the eastern third of the US; editor of the Free American; proprietor of the largest Bund camp – Nordland – in New Jersey; and head of security at the mammoth Madison Square Garden rally. In the final months before the entry of the US into World War II, Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze, who had succeeded Fritz Kuhn as leader of the group, quietly drifted away, allowing his erstwhile comrades to fend for themselves. It was August Klapprott who stepped in and helped to lead the Bund during its final days.

I asked him what he thought were the greatest successes and failures of his movement. It is interesting to note that he refused to criticize Kuhn by name, even 30 years later: such was his sense of personal loyalty to his former leader. But although he did not criticize Kuhn by name, he was not slow in criticizing his policies.

Klapprott said that, in retrospect, the uniformed marches and street battles with communists were counterproductive. At the time they took place, however, he said, this was not so clear. The Bund had the legal right to conduct its public activities and to defend itself when physically attacked. The bad reputation that this brought to the Bund was unavoidable, he said, as the Jews controlled the media and would have painted the Bund in a bad light, no matter what its activities were.

He told me that, realistically speaking, the Bund did the best that it could under difficult circumstances. Even if it had forgone activities that brought it negative publicity, and concentrated on low-profile support of Hitler’s Germany, the outcome would have been the same: the Japanese would still have attacked Pearl Harbor, and four days later Hitler would still have declared war on the US.

I found another critique by Klapprott especially surprising. Although he had organized Camp Nordland, the most successful of the Bund’s facilities, he said that the underlying premise of the Bund’s camps was flawed. The Bund sank every available dollar into purchasing the land for the camps. Consequently, the Bund was always strapped for cash. When the time came for it to defend itself from legal attacks by the government, sufficient funds were not at hand for a full-scale legal defence. And in the end, the government just seized the Bund’s properties anyway, so that that the financial investment that the camps represented was lost without benefiting the Movement.

The Bund maintained four camps in the state of Michigan alone, for example. It would have been better, he said, for the Bund to have had fewer but larger camps, and to have rented the land. That way, money could have been set aside to fend off federal attacks.

I asked him for his opinion of non-Bund NS groups, such as Peter Stahrenberg’s American National-Socialist Party, that sought to build an authentically American NS movement. Klapprott was scornful of such efforts, saying that they drained manpower and resources from the Bund, and in the end, amounted to nothing. On this point, I must disagree with comrade Klapprott, for if this course of action had been followed from the beginning, the movement could have survived the war intact in some form.

 
Summing up

Regardless of the personal failings of its leaders, and despite the strategic blunders that rendered it ineffective in building National Socialism in America in the long run, there is something positive to learn from the Bund’s history. The lesson of the Bund is this: It is possible to build a functioning National Socialist movement in the United States [bold by Martin Kerr], even in the face of aggressive semi-legal persecution by the federal government and the open hostility of the media, the Jews and other committed anti-NS forces.

The America of 2017 is not the America of 1937, and today’s NS movement would have to adapt itself accordingly. But it could be done.

Categories
Evropa Soberana (webzine) Free speech / Free press

Evropa Soberana!

As I have said countless times, I have called the translation of a Spaniard’s essay on Judea and Rome the ‘masthead’ of this site, in the sense that it is a sort of combination of NS and Nietzsche’s thought (something the Nazis never dared to do openly).

Not only that, The Fair Race (see sidebar), which is a sort of extensive manifesto for the Aryan to wake up, contains other fundamental essays from Evropa Soberana such as the essay on Sparta and a new racial classification.

But Blogger has taken down his site!

Fortunately, I saved all his articles on a DVD. Yesterday I sent an email to the Spaniard we call here Evropa Soberana, but have had no reply.

I hope his site will be restored elsewhere.

New visitors to The West’s Darkest Hour who haven’t read his ‘Rome v. Judea; Judea v. Rome’—our masthead—should do so now.

Categories
Franklin D. Roosevelt Mainstream media Martin Kerr Real men Rudolf Hess Third Reich

History of American NS, 2

German-American Bund camp

1936-1941

German-American Bund

At its height, the Friends of the New Germany had approximately 10,000 members. This is ten times the number of members that Gau-USA had, and twenty times the number of its predecessor, Teutonia. However, sixty percent of FDND members were German citizens, not eligible for membership in the newly reorganized Bund. In a sense, Kuhn had to rebuild the Bund from the ground up.

Fritz Julius Kuhn was born in Munich in 1896. He served as an infantry lieutenant during the First World War, and had earned the Iron Cross Second Class. Kuhn and his wife Elsa emigrated to Mexico in 1923. They moved to the US in 1927, and Kuhn became a naturalized citizen in 1933. He settled in Detroit and was employed as a chemist by the Ford Motor Corporation. He took an active interest in ethnic politics, and became the leader of the Detroit chapter of the FDND.

A minor point, but one that is worth addressing: Kuhn’s title was Bundesleiter. Historians and biographers, however, in error frequently refer to him as BundesFüher. But Kuhn himself was quick to point out that there was only one Füher, and that was Adolf Hitler.

Under his determined and energetic leadership, the Bund grew steadily. By the time it ceased operations in December 1941, the Bund had an organized presence in 47 of the 48 states (the exception being Louisiana), with a combined 163 local chapters. A fully accredited chapter was known as a ‘unit’. As a minimum requirement, each unit had a unit leader, a treasurer, a public relations officer and a nine-man OD squad. Many units had a membership of over a hundred. Chapters that could not meet the minimum requirements were known as ‘branches’, and were attached to the nearest unit.

The Bund was divided into three departments – Eastern, Midwestern and Western – which in turn were divided into regions. The regions were subdivided into state organizations, which were further organized by city, neighbourhood, and even block-by-block where the membership warranted it. Total membership is unknown, but probably exceeded 25,000. The uniformed Order Division had an estimated 3,000 members nationwide.

The Bund published a weekly newspaper, with both German-language and English content. It was initially called the Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter (‘German Wake-Up Call and Observer’). By 1937, it had a total circulation of 20,000. Three regional editions were published that carried local news and advertisements. In 1939, as part of an ongoing effort to Americanize the Bund, its full name was lengthened to Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and Free American. From that point on, for convenience’s sake, it was normally referred to simply as the Free American. Building on its success, the Bund published several other publications, including a youth magazine.

A notable Bund feature were its summer camps, which were located on Bund-owned property. There were 18 of these camps in all. Some were modest in size, but others, like Camp Nordland in New Jersey, Camp Siegfried on New York’s Long Island and Camp Hindenburg in Wisconsin, were large and elaborate, with facilities for year-round living. Camp activities included hiking, camping, swimming and other athletics. There were also communal cultural activities. Special programs were developed for young people, designed to build comradeship and to strengthen bodies, minds and character.
 

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Editor’s note: Could one imagine this in today’s US? They wouldn’t even let them protest against a historic statue that the government removed in Charlottesville! One of the biggest lies of the American system is that it claims to allow freedom of speech and association. As we will see in the subsequent history of the Bund, it allows neither. The American system has ways of destroying dissidents through legal and paralegal system of penalties, as we shall see not only in the destruction of the Bund but of the pro-Aryan groups that followed it.
 

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The Bund was not a political organization in the normal sense of the word, and did not run candidates for office. It did, however, hold public meetings and parades, and these gatherings became a target for protests by Communists and Jews. Sometimes the protestors would physically attack the Bund members, resulting in bloody brawls. Clashes between uniformed National Socialists and their enemies received generous publicity in the mainstream media, which was eager to portray the ‘Bundists’ (as they termed the Bund members) as violent troublemakers. Back in Germany, the NSDAP viewed such publicity as detrimental to the foreign policy interests of the Reich. The same concerns that Hitler and Hess had over Gau-USA and the Friends of the New Germany had not gone away: instead, they were taking place on a larger scale and with increased media scrutiny.
 

The Bund’s 1936 trip to Germany

Nearly all Bund activity took place on a local level, but on at least two occasions, the Bund pooled its resources for a major national event. The first of these was an excursion to Hitler’s Germany in the summer of 1936. The second was a mass rally in New York City’s Madison Square Garden in February 1939.

The year 1936 was a watershed for Hitler’s Germany. When the National Socialists assumed power in early 1933, the country was in a dreadful condition as a result of the lost world war and fifteen years of democratic incompetence and corruption. It had been ravaged by the Great Depression and the depredations of the Treaty of Versailles. The economy was a wreck, unemployment was at a record high; many thousands of the most energetic and skilful Germans emigrated each year to seek a better life elsewhere. The media was in the hands of the Jews, as were other important segments of society. But after only three years of National Socialism, the Reich had been reborn: hunger had been banished, the economy was booming and the armed forces had been reorganized and strengthened. A new sense of optimism and national pride filled the population.

The 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin, brought countless guests and tourists to the new Germany. Among those visitors were Fritz Kuhn and some 50 members of the newly-formed Bund. The American National Socialists toured the country, and were widely feted as heroes. Uniformed members of the OD were accorded the same privilege as the German SA and allowed to ride public transportation for free. In Munich, uniformed Bund members marched with the SA, the SS and the Hitler Youth in a parade.

Shortly before the beginning of the second parade in Berlin, Bundesleiter Kuhn and his officers were granted a short, formal audience with Hitler. This meeting is what today might be termed a ‘photo-op’ – the Füher shook hands with them and chatted amiably for a few minutes. One photograph from the occasion shows Hitler and Kuhn talking together. As the brief audience wrapped up, Hitler told Kuhn, ‘Go back and continue the struggle over there’. Nothing deep or significant was meant by these words: they were just a courtesy by the Füher to his American followers.

Upon his return to the United States, Kuhn lost no time in misrepresenting his brief photo-op with Hitler. Kuhn told reporters, ‘I have a special arrangement with the Füher’ to build the NS movement in America. Rumours spread that there had been a second, private meeting between Chancellor Hitler and the Bundesleiter, during which Hitler had given Kuhn detailed instructions on strengthening Germany’s position in the New World. Kuhn did nothing to stop the spread of such tall tales, and instead maintained that he had received a direct mandate from Hitler to lead the American movement.

Kuhn’s dishonesty and false claims undoubtedly strengthened his position as the undisputed leader of the Bund. They came at a steep cost, however, because now they lent credibility to the charges made by the Jews and other anti-German forces that Hitler harboured aggressive aims towards America. The foreign-born Kuhn, with his thick German accent and mannerisms that some felt were off-putting, became the public face of domestic National Socialism to ordinary citizens. It was a face that many found hostile and threatening. Instead of building support and sympathy for the New Germany, Kuhn had alienated a huge swath of the American population.
 

What Hitler and the NSDAP wanted from German-Americans

Hitler had low respect for groups or parties in other countries that wanted to imitate the NSDAP. He realized that such copycat groups were inorganic and essentially foreign to their folk. This included not just the Bund, but also NS parties such as those in Denmark and Sweden. He commented that if Sir Oswald Mosley were really a great man as he presented himself he would have come up with an original movement of his own, instead of merely aping the NSDAP and Mussolini’s Fascists.

But this does not mean that he felt that there was no way for Germans outside the Reich in foreign countries to help build National Socialism. Regarding the US, the Füher felt that there were two primary ways that indigenous American National Socialists could help the New Germany:

1. Those German-Americans and expatriate German nationals residing in the US could most effectively help out by relocating to Germany. There they could help build National Socialism first-hand in the Fatherland.

And, in fact, many did exactly this. An agency was set up to encourage and assist with their relocation, the Deutsches Auslands Institut (German Foreign Institute). It was headed by Fritz Gissibl, former leader of Teutonia and the FDND, provided financial assistance to Germans who wanted to return to their Fatherland, and it helped them reintegrate into German society. In this connection, an association was formed for German-Americans who had returned, called Kameradschaft-USA.

2. For those German-Americans unable or unwilling to relocate to Germany, there was still an important task that they could perform. Since the earliest days of the Hitler government, Germany had been faced with an international economic boycott of German goods by the Jews and their many allies. This hampered the economic recovery and financial growth of the Reich. By working to weaken the boycott and promote German imports, pro-NS Americans could render immediate and tangible aid to the Movement.

Fritz Kuhn formed a corporation to organize an NS fightback against the boycott, first called the Deutsch-Amerikaner Wirstschafts Anschluss (German-American Protective Alliance), and later renamed theDeutscher Konsum Verband (German Business League). The DKV urged American merchants to ignore the Jewish boycott and to buy German goods for resale. It also encouraged American consumers to buy goods made in Germany. The DKV held a highly publicized ‘Christmas Fair’ highlighting German-made products and promoting their sale.

The DAI and the DAWA/DKV had the full and enthusiastic support of Hitler and the NSDAP. Uniformed marches, provocative speeches and confrontational meetings, however, were the mainstays of public Bund activity and did not meet with the approval of Reich authorities, who did whatever they could to discourage such activities and to distance themselves from them – to no avail.
 

The Madison Square Garden rally

On February 20, 1939, the Bund held a mammoth rally in New York’s Madison Square Garden. The event was billed as a ‘Mass Demonstration for True Americanism’. It took place in proximity to George Washington’s birthday, and indeed, a gigantic image of the first president formed a backdrop for the speaker’s platform. Over 22,000 Bund members and allies gathered for the occasion, easily making it the largest National Socialist meeting ever held in North America, before or since. Some 1,200 OD men under the command of August Klapprott provided security. Outside the Garden, 80,000 unruly anti-Bund protestors scuffled with the police in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the meeting.
 

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Editor’s note: Eighty thousand? The anti-NS sentiment in America isn’t just a thing of our times! Incidentally, red emphasis below, of Kerr’s text, is mine. I just want to show that since the beginning of the American racialist movements, they never stopped worshiping the Jewish god:
 

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Among the speakers were National Secretary James Wheeler Hill, National Public Relations Director Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze and Bundesleiter Kuhn. As Kuhn began his address, a Jew named Isadore Greenbaum pushed his way past the police, slipped between two OD guards, and rushed the stage. He was armed with a knife. The would-be assassin was quickly tackled by the OD and beaten into submission. Klapprott pulled his men off the Jew before he was badly hurt, and he was turned over to the police for arrest. Kuhn continued speaking without interruption. Later, some members and followers leaving the meeting were assaulted by the mob outside.

The Bund portrayed the event as a huge victory. And indeed, it was an impressive tactical and logistical triumph. The Bund had shown that it could organize a successful mass meeting in the face of massive opposition.

But the reaction in Berlin was not so favourable. From the standpoint of the German government, this was exactly the type of publicity that they did not want.
 

Bund ideology and outreach

The Bund formally adhered to the National Socialist worldview as expressed in NS Germany. But there was a problem: the US was not Germany, and the social, economic, political and racial situation in America did not correspond to that of Germany. The program and exact policies of the NSDAP did not fit the American scene. Kuhn’s solution to the quandary was two-fold: the Bund adhered strictly to German National Socialism internally, but in terms of public outreach it advocated an ideology that was an awkward fusion of National Socialism and the Christian Nationalism of the times. ‘Christian Nationalism’ was roughly equivalent to modern White Nationalism. It was not a religious movement, per se; rather, by ‘Christian’ it was understood that Jews were excluded. An example of this was a statement by Kuhn quoted in the New York Times:’ I am a White Man and I give the White Man’s salute: Heil Hitler!’

Publicly, the Bund claimed to be for ‘100 percent Americanism’ and opposed to ‘Jewish communism’. It never attempted to forge a specific American National Socialism, unique to the experiences and situation of the Aryan race in North America.

When it felt the need to give some intellectual heft to its outreach, the Bund would refer to the writings of Lawrence Dennis, who was the foremost American Fascist intellectual of the period, or to other non-Bund, non-NS theoreticians and commentators.

The German National Socialist Colin Ross attempted to provide some intellectual ballast for the Movement in America with his 1937 book, Unser Amerika (Our America). He gave lectures throughout the US which were supported and attended by Bund members. But in the end, he was an outsider, and it is unclear to what extent his work had any effect on the Movement in the US.
 

Decline and end of the Bund

The Madison Square Garden rally aggravated the increasing dissatisfaction of the German government with the Bund. The German ambassador, Hans Diekhoff, had a contentious relationship with the group. Public opinion, largely manufactured and manipulated by the Jews, was already strongly tilted against the Reich. The media wanted to portray the Bund as a violent, un-American subversive organization directly under Hitler’s command; every headline that played into that false image made Diekhoff’s already-challenging job that much more difficult. He sent repeated dispatches to Berlin urging the German government to sever all ties with the Bund and publicly disown it. But the truth was that there was little or nothing Berlin could do: Contrary to popular belief, the Bund was not under the command of Hitler, the German government, or the NSDAP. It was an independent organization that could conduct its operations in any way that it wished.

The average American had a negative appreciation of the Bund. It was widely assumed that the Bund was a ‘fifth column’, designed to aid the ‘Nazis’ if the Germans invaded the United States – which the media assured the public was Hitler’s ultimate aim.

Consequently, there was a widespread feeling that the government should ‘do something’ about the Bund. The Roosevelt regime was more than willing to comply, but there was a hitch: the Bund operated strictly within the limits of US law.

Eventually, the authorities found a solution: In May, 1939, Kuhn was charged with the embezzlement of approximately $14,000 of Bund funds. Kuhn had foolishly taken as a mistress Virginia Cogswell, a former beauty queen. He had purportedly used Bunds funds to pay for her medical bills and to ship some used furniture to her from California. The Bund hierarchy responded to the charges that Kuhn, as leader of the Bund, was free to use the money in question in any manner that he wanted to. But the government was out for blood, and in November Kuhn was convicted of misusing Bund funds. Eventually he was sent to New York’s Sing Sing prison.

The scandal, rocked the Bund, and resulted in many resignations. However, a new leader, Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze, stepped forward to lead the group until Kuhn was free again.

Bund operations continued until December 8, 1941 – the day after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and three days before Hitler’s declaration of war against the United States. On that day the Bund national council voted to dissolve the organization, and it burnt sensitive documents before they could be seized by the FBI.

 
Other National Socialist and pro-NS groups

Although we have concentrated our attention on the German-American Bund, the Bund was not the only NS formation in the US during the pre-War period. We have previously mentioned the short-lived American National-Socialist Party of Anton Haegele (1935). In 1939, the Brooklyn chapter of the Bund – which was the largest in the nation – broke away and reformed the ANSP, under the leadership of Peter Stahrenberg. But, despite the excellence of its newspaper, the National American, the party was small and never amounted to anything.

Of the hundreds of other small groups that flourished during this period, the following are also worth mentioning:

• The Christian Mobilizers, a New York group led by Joseph ‘Nazi Joe’ McWilliams. Its uniformed branch was called the Christian Guard. Later, the group was renamed the American Destiny Party.

• The National Workers League, led by Russel Roberts, later a supporter and advisor of George Lincoln Rockwell. Based in Detroit.

• The Citizens Protective League, led by Kurt Mertig, later mentor to James Madole of the National Renaissance Party.

• American Nationalist Party (founded as the American Progressive Workers Party). Emory Burke, who would go on to be the founder of the post-War movement, was a member of this group.

Americans who were National Socialist or pro-NS also supported organizations such as Charles Lindbergh’s America First Committee, William Dudley Pelley’s Silver Shirt Legion, Father Charles Coughlin’s National Union for Social Justice, and the Christian Front.

To broaden its appeal, the Bund also held a unity rally with the Ku Klux Klan at August Klapprott’s Camp Nordland in 1940.

Categories
Roger Penrose

On maths

I would like to add a link to this other video about the same interview with Roger Penrose that I mentioned in my post ‘Time here becomes space’.

In school we are taught to hate mathematics. If we were to eliminate the education system and replace it with another one, we could love it.

School is harmful not only because it indoctrinates us into hating the West, but because it prevents us from loving physics and the alphabet with which the universe was written.

Categories
Martin Kerr Real men

History of American NS, 1

by Martin Kerr


 

1924-1936

Introduction

In order to chart a course for American National Socialism into the future, we must know where we stand today. And to have an accurate understanding of our present position we need to know where we came from.

It is the goal of this series of articles to provide an outline of the history of the Movement in the United States. But we are not interested here in a simple timeline recitation of names and dates. Rather, we wish to provide a framework for a critical analysis of NS development. A hagiographical account, in which every event and decision is presented as being necessary and perfect, will not accomplish our purpose. Instead, we must be willing to ruthlessly examine the mistakes that were made as well as congratulating ourselves on the modest successes of our struggle. For only in recognizing where things have gone wrong can we hope to correct any missteps we have made.

Although any telling of our story will inevitably highlight the Movement’s leaders, we need to also keep in mind the countless thousands of rank-and-file members and supporters: the nameless street activists who time and again risked life and limb for the cause; the women comrades who laboured behind the scenes in an often thankless support capacity; the financial benefactors who provided the economic wherewithal that financed our efforts; and the silent aid rendered to us by sympathizers whose employment situation or family obligations prevented them from openly proclaiming their National Socialist faith. If the well-known names of our leaders have provided the head of the Movement, these unknown and unheralded comrades have provided its body.
 

The movement’s beginnings: Teutonia

The earliest manifestation of organized National Socialism in the US dates back to the early 1920s. Various private associations – clubs, really – sprang up in cities with a high concentration of German nationals, many whom were newly arrived since the end of the First World War. Following the unsuccessful National Socialist revolt in Munich in November of 1923, a number of members of the Hitler movement emigrated from Germany to the US. Little clusters of like-minded men gradually found each other in the tightly knit German communities of cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee and New York. These little groups were formed mainly for social reasons, and none of them amounted to much – and, indeed, expansion and recruitment were not really on their agenda.

One of these little groups was known as the American National-Socialist League, but like the others, it faded away almost as soon as it had arisen, and vanished without a trace. The first serious attempt at building National Socialism on these shores was the ‘Free Association of Teutonia’. It was founded in October of 1924 in Chicago by 21-year-old Fritz Gissibl and his brothers Peter and Andrew. Joining with them in the enterprise was 19-year-old Walter Kappe, who edited Teutonia’s small German-language newspaper Vorposten (‘Picket’). That the group even had a publication, as modest as it was, placed it head-and-shoulders above earlier NS efforts. Teutonia quickly obtained a headquarters for itself by leasing a room in Chicago’s Reichshalle.

An early recruit to the group was Joseph ‘Sepp’ Schuster. He had been a member of the Sturmabteilung in Munich, and had participated in the fateful march that had ended so tragically. Schuster organized Teutonia’s equivalent of the SA. It was named the Ordnungsdienst, or ‘Order Service’ in English. Eventually, the OD wore uniforms patterned on those of the SA, with similar insignia. No doubt at the time forming a uniformed paramilitary formation that copied the German model seemed normal and organic. But in hindsight it proved to be an unfortunate development, from which the Movement still has not recovered today, for it set a precedent that every subsequent NS group has followed – often to the Movement’s detriment, as we will discuss later.

______ 卐 ______

 
Editor’s note: Here Kerr and I disagree completely. If we recall the intense discussion about ‘optics’ that raged in white nationalist circles after Charlottesville, and then compare it to how the media and even various government and corporate bodies condoned the violent BLM riots, we will understand that ‘optics’ is a Byzantine discussion. The elites and woke folk care nothing about BLM optics even when some people actually were killed by blacks! What the establishment traitors after WW2 want is the destruction of the white race, and the ‘optics’ of seeing chimp outs under the cameras burning cars and vandalising shops doesn’t matter a damn to them.

What it is all about is to impede Aryans to fight for their interests under any circumstances, but to give them bread and circuses in the darkest hour of the West until their extinction. Kerr continues:
 

______ 卐 ______

 
Although it forthrightly supported the NSDAP in Germany – which was a political party – Teutonia itself was not political or outward-looking in any way. Rather, it limited itself to quietly building support for National Socialism among the sizeable German-American community. Semi-public meetings were held every two weeks, and the proceeds from the meetings were used to fund German cultural activities. On one occasion, at least, Teutonia used an airplane to drop leaflets. But its newspaper and other printed material were in German, and there was no thought of recruiting non-Germans, nor of expanding the group in a political sense beyond the German community.

In all, Teutonia only had 400 or 500 members. Most were in the Chicago area, but there were small local chapters in other cities throughout the Upper Midwest.
 

Heinz Spanknoebel and Gau-USA

Another key figure in the establishment of American National Socialism was Heinz Spanknoebel. Although virtually unknown today, he played a pivotal role in the first decade of the Movement. Spanknoebel was a man of strong personality. Like all of us, he had human weaknesses and shortcomings. But these were more than offset by his strengths. One of these strengths was his insight into the true nature of National Socialism.

In the late 1920s, the NSDAP was a struggling fringe movement in German politics, and although it had small chapters throughout the Reich, in practical terms it was largely limited to Bavaria. Hitler himself was considered a Bavarian firebrand, and not a national political leader. But already at this time, Spanknoebel recognized the fundamental, world-changing character of the NS worldview, and he recognized Hitler not just as the leader of a small extremist party, but rather as world-historical figure of the first order. He envisioned a future in which National Socialism controlled the entire Earth, with a National Socialist Germany dominating the eastern hemisphere and a National Socialist America dominating the western hemisphere. In his vision, Hitler would rule one half of the world, and he, Spanknoebel, would rule the other half.

And here we encounter Spanknoebel’s first shortcoming: he had a greatly exaggerated sense of his own importance and capabilities. But although we may today smile at his presumption to be Hitler’s equal, that should not detract from his realization that National Socialism was far more than just a vehicle to rectify the injustices of the Treaty of Versailles.

Like Gissibl and Schuster, Spanknoebel was a German National Socialist who had taken up residence in the US. He investigated Teutonia and decided that although it was well-intentioned, something on a grander scale was needed to create the NS America he envisioned.

Through the end of the 1920s, the NSDAP was a tiny party on the margins of the German political scene. In the 1928 national elections, the party won a scant 2.6 percent of the vote. It struggled just to survive in Germany, and had no resources for and no desire in establishing a functioning bridgehead in the US. It was distantly aware of the efforts of Gissibl and Teutonia on its behalf, as they occasionally sent modest contributions to the party’s Munich headquarters, but there was no official recognition of Teutonia as an NSDAP affiliate.

However, the 1930 election changed the party’s status. It went from being a fringe movement to the second-largest party in the Reichstag overnight. Spanknoebel decided that was time for him to act. He journeyed to Munich, and sought out an audience with the NSDAP. He asked for permission to form an official branch of the NSDAP in the US. The details of the meeting have been lost to history. Did he explain his plan to divide the world between Hitler and himself? Who knows? But the result was that the party denied his request: there was to be no NSDAP chapter in America.

Undeterred, Spanknoebel returned to the US and dishonestly announced that he had, in fact, been given authorization to form an American unit of the Hitler movement. In April of 1931 he formed his group, which he called Gau-USA. Its headquarters was in New York City, which had a huge population of both German immigrants and multigenerational German-Americans.

Gau-USA and Teutonia existed as competing NS organizations until sometime in 1932. Gissibl, under the impression that Spanknoebel had official recognition from the NSDAP, voluntarily dissolved Teutonia and merged it with Gau-USA. Teutonia’s local chapters became chapters of Gau-USA, and its Order Division was absorbed intact into Spanknoebel’s group, with Sepp Schuster still at its head.

Gau-USA had a higher public profile than Teutonia, with a greater media presence. At the same time, more attention was being paid in the press to the Hitler movement in Germany, which had become a force to be reckoned with.

Following the party’s ascension to power in January 1933, a letter was sent by Rudolf Hess to Spanknoebel, asking him to stop falsely representing himself as the US leader of the NSDAP. It further requested that he cease operations and disband his group. In April 1933, after Spanknoebel ignored the letter, a second, more forcefully-worded letter was sent. This time Spanknoebel acquiesced, and disbanded Gau-USA.

Unfazed, Spanknoebel made a second pilgrimage to Munich, and again sought audience with Rudolf Hess. He convinced Hess that there was huge potential support for National Socialist Germany in the US among both German immigrants and among native-born Americans of German descent. He again asked for permission to organize this support on behalf of the NSDAP. This time Hess relented. Spanknoebel returned with a letter of authorization from Hess. With this letter as his foundational document, he reorganized the Movement in America as the League of the Friends of the New Germany, generally known by its German initials FND. It officially came to life at a convention in Chicago in July 1933. Like Gau-USA before it, FND was based in New York City.
 

Friends of The New Germany

But rather than quietly organizing German-American support for Hitler’s Germany – which is what Hess undoubtedly had in mind – Spanknoebel proceeded to build an open, confrontational NS movement that mirrored the early history of the NSDAP. The Friends held uniformed marches and rallies that sometimes ended in bloody brawls with Jews and communists. When there was an outbreak of vandalism directed against synagogues, Jewish merchants and Jewish cemeteries, the FND was blamed. Much of the FND’s operations were conducted in the German language, which left many Americans thinking that the group was foreign, un-American and somewhat sinister. The publicity generated by the FND was unrelentingly negative. Rather than building sympathy for the New Germany, the overall impression it gave was that it was a subversive group that owed its allegiance to a foreign government.

Spanknoebel further made things worse by enraging established German-American organizations and publications by insisting that they subordinate themselves to him as Hitler’s American representative.

The members of the Friends, however, had faith that they were on the right path – a path that they believed had been specifically charted by Hitler himself. They threw themselves into the struggle with great enthusiasm and self-sacrifice, unaware that Spanknoebel had misrepresented the nature of his mandate from Munich.

German diplomats in the US followed the disastrous progress of the FND, and dutifully reported it to Berlin, where the bad news was brought to the attention of Hitler and Hess. Eventually, Spanknoebel was ordered by Munich to cease operations until further notice, as his efforts were doing more harm than good to the cause of National Socialism.

Spanknoebel finally got the message. He resigned as leader of the FND and returned to Germany, where he enlisted in the SS. He survived the War and settled in the shattered ruins of Dresden. There he was betrayed to the Soviet secret police by a German traitor. He was arrested and died of starvation in a Soviet concentration camp in 1947.

In early 1934, Fritz Gissibl took the reins of the FND. Some ten years after first forming Teutonia, he was again the leader of American National Socialism. Under his renewed tenure, the FND made some tentative steps to Americanize its image. German citizens and members the NSDAP were first discouraged from being members of the FND, and later were formally prohibited from joining. Gissibl himself began proceedings to obtain American citizenship. Printed materials from the time show that English was used as well as the German language in Friends literature.

Gissibl also began to steer the FND away from the confrontational activities favoured by Spanknoebel and to focus more resources and energy on building an NS community. In 1934, a women’s auxiliary, the Frauenschaft, was formed, as well as youth organizations for male and female youngsters, the Jugendschaft and Maedschenscaft, respectively.

Not all members were happy with Gissibl’s leadership, and in 1935 Anton Haegele and a small band of followers broke away to form the American National Labor Party, which was later renamed the American National-Socialist Party. Their newspaper was the National American, and it set a high standard of quality for Movement publications that was to last the rest of the decade. The ANLP/ANSP was short-lived, but it was important in that it was the first attempt to create an American National Socialism that was not simply an extension of the German movement and that was open to all Aryan Americans, not just Germans.

The FND membership threw itself behind Gissibl’s new initiatives, and the organization began to grow. This growth spurt did not go unnoticed by the Movement’s numerous and powerful enemies, who did everything they could to hamper and thwart its efforts. A congressional investigation designed to undermine and cripple American National Socialism was begun in 1934 at the behest of Congressman Samuel Dickstein of New York. Dickstein’s stated goal was to eradicate all traces of National Socialism in America. He was a Jew, and most observers felt that his zeal in persecuting the Friends was simply a manifestation of the racial animosity that all Jews felt towards the Hitler movement. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, documents came to light in Moscow that revealed that Dickstein was a paid agent of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police. It seems likely that this employment contributed to his enthusiasm in trying to strangle American National Socialism in its infancy.

Dickstein convened hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington. Gissibl and other prominent members of the Friends were ordered to appear for public interrogation in full light of the news media. There they were insulted and berated. Although the committee was unable to find any evidence that the FND was engaged in illegal activities, they published a report in February of 1935 that described the group ‘Un-American’ in its orientation.

The blatant persecution of the Movement by HUAC split the German-American community. Many remembered the dark days of World War I, when all German-Americans had been suspected of being spies and traitors, and were treated accordingly. Consequently, some German-Americans put as much distance between themselves and the Friends as possible. However, others rallied behind the FND, as it defended itself in the face of the government and media onslaught against it.

In Berlin, the NSDAP reacted adversely to the overwhelmingly negative publicity. In the eyes of Hitler, Hess and other party leaders, the FND was doing more to hurt the cause then to help it. Accordingly, in October 1935, an edict was issued severing all ties between the Friends on one hand and the German government and NSDAP on the other. Gissibl resigned as the League’s leader, and made a trip to Germany in a futile attempt plead his case. (Like Spanknoebel before him, Gissibl eventually settled in Germany, and likewise joined the SS.)

German-American Bund rally at Madison
Square Garden (NY), 20 February 1939.

In December, Fritz Julius Kuhn became the new Bundesleiter (League Leader). In March 1936, the Friends held a national convention, where it was dissolved. A new organization was formed in its place, the Amerikadeutscher Volksbund (German-American Folks League) which was to be popularly known as the German-American Bund.

Categories
Deranged altruism Destruction of Germanic paganism French Revolution Harold Covington Liberalism Racial right Tree

Yggdrasil

Yggdrasil, in Norse cosmology, is an immense and central sacred tree. Around it exists all else, including the Nine Worlds. Speaking metaphorically, Judeo-Christianity destroyed it.

The translation of the fourth section of Ferdinand Bardamu’s essay about the toxicity of Christianity for the white race is available in the German section of this site (here). The English original can be read at the end of The Fair Race’s Darkest Hour (see sidebar).

I would like to add something to my previous post.

Christians might object to what I said this afternoon (‘It is the Christian idea of the human soul that’s screwing the Aryan race’) arguing that it is in secular countries that the ethno-suicidal zeal of whites has reached its zenith; and that the belief in the afterlife of the past never reached today’s ethno-suicidal hysteria. That is very true, but still the idea of man as the centre of creation had, as Savitri said, Christian inspiration.

I have been trying to find, on the internet, a treatise on the history of the American white nationalist movement. I was impressed that in an old review in The Occidental Observer, an author recommended Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream, by Leonard Zeskind. The Observer reviewer recommended it not because he shared the Jewish author’s point of view, but because the book is so well researched (when I can afford it I’ll order it).

Then I tried to look for a text that came from the pen not of an enemy, but a friend of the white cause. But apparently none of the pundits of contemporary white nationalism has written it. Or at least none that I can recall in the Observer’s reviews of new books (correct me if I’m wrong).

Searching, then, in my home library, I remembered A Brief History of the White Nationalist Movement which I read eleven years ago: a small 77-page book with no date or author, but which was probably written in 2007 by Harold Covington. It’s a terrible book that you can read online. Hadding Scott unmasked Covington’s horrendous slanders of racialist competition; for example, what Covington says about Ben Klassen.

So I find myself in no man’s land: the scholarly book by a foe and the crude pamphlet of a novelist who thought he would have a following if only he could make them believe that only he, Covington, was an exemplary racist and the rest of the movement scum.

As I pulled Covington’s spiral-bound text from one of the high shelves of my library (so much so that I had to climb a step to reach it), I came across no less than the first of my spiral-bound collection of articles I read when I had just discovered American white nationalism.

The spiral-bound, which contains many texts from The Occidental Quarterly Online, is dated by my pen September 11, 2009. And when I started reading it, the next day at 1:35 a.m., I was in Spain where I had lived for almost a year (it was a return trip to the American continent). The article I began to read, on the ground as the plane had not yet taken off, was entitled ‘The Seven Pillars of White Nationalism’ and was written by Yggdrasil (elsewhere the author revealed himself as John Gardner). At the time my immature mind was transiting from Normieland to NS, and WN was a very useful stepping stone in crossing the psychological Rubicon.

Yggdrasil, in that first article I read in printed form when I first dipped my feet in the metaphorical river (I was actually about to cross, literally, the Atlantic), wrote something that does answer the Christian objection above:

Surprisingly, I was unable to find any coherent and helpful works in English translation from the Third Reich explaining how National Socialism might save us. Most of the major works of that period, including Rosenberg’s Myth of the Twentieth Century and Hitler’s Mein Kampf are dreadful tomes, which fail to recognize our basic predicament. The best explanation I can find of National Socialism is Lincoln Rockwell’s White Power.

On the next pages Yggdrasil adds:

The enlightenment secularized and neutered Christianity as a force in public life in response to the slaughters of the religious wars in Europe.

In place of Christianity, the enlightenment substituted a brand new faith—the brotherhood of man, in the vain hope that it would end intra-European violence. Of course, this new faith, based as it was upon demonstrable falsehoods, could only progress and be sustained with violence, and true to form, the blood began to flow almost immediately with the French revolution in 1791.

This new faith was tailor made to justify imperial wars of conquest, designed to bring the message of human equality and the material betterment of trade to those in need of uplift.

But it has always been resistance to that new faith from European groups that has prompted the most savage outbreaks of bloodshed, from the U.S. Civil War, to the Boer War, to the Revolution in 1918 in Russia, and ultimately, the German reaction to that threat.

The prosperity that followed WW II has reduced the inclination of Euros to resist the human equality mania en-mass, resulting instead in localized witch hunts, including war crimes prosecutions and hate crime laws.

As I have stated in prior posts, our challenge to this false god—the brotherhood of man [Editor’s note: the bastard son of Christianity]—must be adapted to the circumstances existing at the time.

It is completely clear that this particular delusion—like the crusading spirit of 1090 AD—is not merely a matter of internal belief, but rather external display adopted for the purpose of acquiring status through careless disregard of self interest and racial survival.

A few pages before Yggdrasil had written:

In our modern multi-cultural societies, this universalized image of the brotherhood of man has filtered down into the lower ranks, as individual clergymen translate the Sermon of the Mount to mandate a standardless tolerance of all things—turning one’s cheek to all manner of vice and overt attacks—a tolerance that is useful, so the modern clergy believe, for keeping pawns full on Sundays without regard to race, creed, national origin, or sexual orientation.

This was published a few days before my return trip, but we still need a treatise about the history of American white nationalism authored by a non-Jew. Incidentally, I believe it was Yggdrasil himself who in the middle 1990s coined the term ‘white nationalism’.

Categories
Savitri Devi Souvenirs et réflexions d'une aryenne (book) Third Reich

Reflections of an Aryan woman, 62

But it is above all the constructive aspect of Hitlerism which makes it the elite’s fighting philosophy against levelling—against ‘mass reduction’ (Vermassung)—and the instrument of an in extremis recovery of Aryan humanity and, through it, of all earthly life, against the current of Time.

I have said it over and over again in these talks: there was nothing ‘new’ about the Führer’s ‘New Order’, the one he wanted and which, unfortunately, the pressure of the Dark Forces of the whole world had to crush before his installation. It was the oldest possible order: the ‘original’ order of things, firmly based on the eternal truths which dominate and condition that particular manifestation of Being which is life.

But its resurgence in our late stage of the age of untruths par excellence (and even later) could and never can happen except through combat. This is why the idea of relentless combat, of ‘perpetual revolution’, [1] is inseparable from Hitlerism. It underlies both the most positive creations in all fields and the most implacable defensive measures against the corruption of the race or the regime’s saboteurs.

Hitler’s intolerance is, even in its aggressiveness, only a defensive intolerance—a reaction, as I have tried to show, against the millennial intolerance of Judaism and its ‘jealous God’, and against that of the no less ‘jealous’ entities (‘universalism’, ‘democracy’, etc.) in which an increasingly Judaized world believes. Hitlerism itself is, even in its conquering momentum, nothing but a movement for the defence, protection and resurrection of the fundamental values of Life, denied in the West for centuries. It is the defence of the ideal Order, more or less apparent in the most venerable ancient societies, against all miscegenation, all levelling, all backward selections, all unnatural reversals; against the disintegrating pressure of what is commonly called ‘progress’ and which is, at the bottom, nothing but the ever more insistent affirmation of anthropocentrism. It is, I repeat, unthinkable outside the Dark Ages.
 

______ 卐 ______

 
Editor’s note: I would go a little further. Savitri speaks above about ‘the pressure of the Dark Forces’. It is the Christian idea of the human soul that is screwing the Aryan race. As Jack Frost tried unsuccessfully to communicate to Christian commenters in a thread from a Kevin MacDonald article of September 19, 2015:

Christians believe that the soul is eternal and always exists… Now, the soul is raceless and according to them the only important thing about a man; the body is dross, merely a shell. Why should someone who believes he is raceless and never going to die, and who is focused intently on things not of this world but an anticipated next, worry himself about trivial matters such as the survival of Western civilization or of this or that biological race? Clearly, to do so would be a heresy.

______ 卐 ______

 
When I speak of its ‘constructive aspect’ I don’t especially have in mind the spectacular material, social or even cultural achievements of the German Third Reich: not the restoration of the national economy (almost overnight), not the various initiatives or institutions that might be called ‘philanthropic’, the aid to mothers and children, the distributions of coal to the elderly during the winter, the cruises to the Balearic Islands or the Canary Islands organised for factory workers on paid leave, or the royal four-lane autobahns which ran as far as the eye could see into the splendour of the restored forests. All this was just one of a series of obvious signs of the victorious revolution, a series that was only just beginning.

Other signs, less obvious, more subtle than the first, were already appearing in all areas of life. Newborn babies were increasingly given beautiful Germanic names, evocative of a legendary past. Furniture, at least in some privileged homes, such as those of SS members, was decorated with symbolic motifs whose occult influence was felt even by those who couldn’t explain it. But however important they may have been, they were, again, only signs. This was not the revolution.

The real, positive, creative revolution—unique among the political upheavals of all centuries since antiquity—was the return to the sources, under the command of a qualified Chief and Master: both initiate and strategist, and supreme holder of political authority; prophet of the ‘new’ (or rather eternal) Doctrine and founder of the corresponding visible order; invested, as I said above, with the ‘power of the Two Keys’, elected by those Forces of Life which militate with more and more impersonal fervour, against the fatal tendencies of the Cycle near its end. The real revolution was the effort to restore a traditional society, hierarchically ordered according to the intangible values of all time; resting firmly on the earth while it carried its elite of race, character and knowledge beyond the human, as the plant with long serpentine stems holds its mystic lotuses, hatched in the light, on the surface of the pond, far above the nourishing mud.

The European, if not pan-Aryan society that the Führer wanted was to be no other than this. Politically centred around the Great Reich, that is to say, Germany, supplemented by the conquered areas in the West and especially in the East, would have been dominated by the Germanic elite of the SS, to which would have been increasingly incorporated Aryans of non-German origin, judged worthy of forming, together with their blood brothers, the warrior aristocracy of the new world. And at least part of this young aristocracy would have been—was, in fact, already—a spiritual elite, an initiatory group, linked, through the intermediary of a very ancient tradition, of Germanic expression, to the primordial Tradition.

Governed from 1933 onwards by the Incarnation of the divine Liberator, who returns unceasingly and, in the following years, by that of his paladins whom he would have designated, the Reich was to become once again what had been, centuries before Christianity and before Rome, the soil of the old Germanic tribes: a ‘Holy Land’ in the esoteric sense of the word; the cradle of a civilisation nourished by the radiance of a powerful centre of initiatory achievement.

And it is well known that this new Aryan civilisation, with its Germanic elite, was inspired this time by the same principles as the old society of Vedic and post-Vedic India, at a time when the caste system, also based on ‘race and personality’, still corresponded effectively to the natural hierarchy of men. In both cases, at the root of the whole social structure—and, with some exceptions, at the basis of the relations between conquerors and conquered—is the same notion of irreducible congenital inequality between human races, or even between the more or less clear subdivisions of the same fundamental race: an inequality which no religious or philosophical anthropocentrism can attenuate, and which it is the duty of the wise legislator to reinforce, if possible, but never to fight.

The abyss which, in the mind of the Führer, separates the Aryan worthy of the name from the ‘sub-humans’, is reminiscent in more than one respect of the abyss which, in the Sanskrit Scriptures, separates and opposes the Arya, ‘twice born’, from the Dasyu. According to Rauschning, the Führer goes so far as to speak of a ‘new variety of man’, the result of a real ‘mutation’, in the scientific and natural sense of the word[2] which would ‘far surpass present-day man’ and would move further and further away from ‘the man of the herd’, who has already entered, according to him, ‘the stage of decay and survival’.[3]

It seems that he saw this ‘mutation’—which, like the initiation of the ‘twice-born’ of ancient India, or that of the freemen of pagan Greece into the ‘mysteries’, concerned only the race of the masters—as the culmination of a hard series of tests. He felt that it was too late to impose such asceticism on the mature generation. It was the youth, the ‘splendid youth’ that Adolf Hitler loved so much, the youth whose destiny he was still to try to guide ‘in the centuries to come’ by writing his Political Testament under the thunder of the Russian guns, who had to undergo it, and emerge transformed, hardened, embellished, elevated to a higher level of being: a level that an elite within the elite had yet to exceed.

It was in the ‘fortresses’ (Burgs) of the warlike and mystical Order of the SS—those veritable nurseries of Western Kshatriyas—that the masters-at-arms and spiritual masters of the new aristocracy were to educate the young candidates for superhumanity. ‘My pedagogy is hard’, declared the inspired Lawgiver of the new Aryan world. ‘I work with a hammer and loosen everything that is dumb or worm-eaten. In my Burgs of Order we shall grow a youth before whom the world will tremble; a violent, imperious, fearless youth’… a youth who ‘will know how to bear pain. I want nothing weak or tender in them. I want it to have the strength and beauty of the young beasts… the innocence and nobility of Nature’.[4] And further on, still in the same conversation with Rauschning: ‘The only science I shall require of these young people is self-control. They will learn to tame fear. This is the first stage of my Order: the stage of heroic youth. From this will come the second degree: that of the ‘free man’, of the man ‘at the centre of the world’, of the ‘god-man’.[5]

What was this ‘God-man’, this ‘man at the centre of the world’?, the nature of which seems to have completely escaped Rauschning, as no doubt many of the Führer’s other interlocutors. What was it—what could it be—if not what the sages, in the traditional sense of the word, call ‘primordial man’ or ‘Edenic man’: he who has succeeded, precisely through his ‘self-mastery’, in identifying himself with the centre of his being (which is, like that of every being, human or not, the very centre of the manifested world) and who has thereby rediscovered his original innocence, because ‘while acting, he is no longer acts’?[6]

But there was a ‘future stage of manly maturity’, other, higher degrees of initiation of which Adolf Hitler was ‘not allowed to speak’. There were revelations, which were to come ‘later’, ‘long, perhaps, after his death’. He knew that this death—as well as the death, at least apparently, of the whole universe of truth which he was recreating by iron and fire—would be indispensable to the ultimate accomplishment of his mission.

He had had, at the age of sixteen, the extraordinary intuition, I should say: the vision. He seems never to have expressed to anyone the depth of his thinking, nor the magnitude (and horror) of what, from the angle of the ‘eternal Present’, his inner eye could discover of the immediate future of Germany and the world; nor the profound—more than human—reasons which made his fight necessary despite the old certainty and the increasingly obvious prospect of inevitable collapse.

He never expressed any of this because metaphysical knowledge, which alone justified everything he could have said, is, like all such knowledge, incommunicable. Among his most devoted collaborators only those who, like Rudolf Hess, were not aspects of the One Who Comes from the Past, but were nevertheless initiates, could follow him without a leap of faith. These needed no verbal or written transmission to grasp all that in the Führer’s secret thought, though impenetrable to discursive intelligence, was not beyond their level.

_________

[1] Rauschning: Hitler m’a dit, op. cit., page 59.

[2] Ibid., page 272.

[3] Ibid., pages 272-273.

[4] Ibid., page 278.

[5] Ibid., page 279.

[6] The Bhagawad-Gîta, IV, Verse 20.

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Artikel auf Deutsch Ferdinand Bardamu

Warum Europäer das Christentum zurückweisen müssen, 4

Dass die frühchristliche kommunistische Praxis moralisch verpflichtend war, wird durch zahlreiche Passagen aus dem Neuen Testament belegt. Nach 1. Johannes 3,16–17 werden wahre Gläubige ihr Leben für das Wohl anderer opfern, insbesondere indem sie Bedürftigen helfen; wer sich weigert, dies zu tun, kann nicht behaupten, ein moralisch einwandfreier Christ zu sein.

In der vornizäischen Kirche war die Gemeinschaft nicht nur geistlich, sondern schloss auch gegenseitige Hilfe in Form von konkreter materieller und wirtschaftlicher Unterstützung ein. Der kanonische Jakobusbrief definiert wahre Religion als Fürsorge für „Waisen und Witwen“, eine alte hebräische Redewendung für die wirtschaftlich Benachteiligten. Diejenigen, die die Reichen gegenüber den Armen bevorzugen, anstatt beide gleich zu behandeln, sind Sünder, die Buße tun müssen. Sie haben gegen das große Gebot Jesu verstoßen: „Du sollst deinen Nächsten lieben wie dich selbst.“ Jakobus sagt, dass „Glaube ohne Werke tot ist“. Worin bestehen diese „Werke“? Wir erfahren, dass wahrer Glaube sich darin zeigt, dass man den Elenden der Erde zu essen gibt und sie kleidet. Wenn man sich weigert, dies zu tun, wird die eigene Identität als Christ in Frage gestellt.

Im 2. Korintherbrief liefert Paulus eine zusätzliche theologische Rechtfertigung für die frühchristliche kommunistische Praxis, indem er die „Kenosis“ Christi [Verzicht auf göttliche Attribute bei der Menschwerdung] als Bezugspunkt heranzieht. Von den Christen wurde erwartet, dass sie dem Beispiel Jesu folgen, der in seinem präexistenten Zustand „reich“ war, sich aber bereitwillig „arm machte“, damit die Gläubigen durch seine „Armut“ „reich“ werden konnten. Dies bedeutete, dass die reicheren christlichen Gemeinschaften moralisch verpflichtet waren, ihren Reichtum mit den ärmeren zu teilen. Der Zweck der Umverteilung von Reichtum von einer christlichen Gemeinschaft zur anderen, schreibt Paulus, war die Erreichung wirtschaftlicher Gleichheit zwischen den Gläubigen.

Die apostolische Identifizierung des „wahren Glaubens“ mit materieller Umverteilung führte zur Einrichtung des ersten Wohlfahrtssystems der Welt und einer zentral geplanten Binnenwirtschaft. Zwar gab es bereits vor den institutionalisierten christlichen kommunistischen Praktiken der ersten drei Jahrhunderte nach Christus eine Form des primitiven Kommunismus, doch waren diese kleinen Gemeinschaften griechischsprachiger Intellektueller oder jüdischer religiöser Fanatiker vorbehalten. Was den christlichen Kommunismus einzigartig machte, war sein moralischer Universalismus und seine nicht ethnozentrische Ausrichtung. Angesichts der egalitären Ausrichtung der frühchristlichen kommunistischen Ideologie sollte es nicht überraschen, dass das zentrale Organisationsprinzip der klassischen marxistischen Ökonomie, „Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen“, wortwörtlich aus dem Neuen Testament übernommen wurde.

Der Marxismus-Leninismus, eine mörderische Ideologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, die zum Tod von über 100 Millionen Menschen weltweit führte, wurde direkt von den ethischen Aussagen des Neuen Testaments inspiriert. Dies ist eine Quelle großer Verlegenheit für den christlichen Religiösen. Zu ihrer Verteidigung betonen die Apologeten den freiwilligen Charakter der kommunistischen Praxis im frühen Christentum. Doch diese apologetische Ausflucht ist eindeutig anachronistisch. Freiheit, definiert als die Fähigkeit, ohne äußeren Zwang zu wählen, ist eine eindeutig moderne Idee, die von den Philosophien des Liberalismus nach der Aufklärung übernommen wurde. Diese Vorstellung von Freiheit bestätigt den souveränen Willen als einen, der sich selbst gehorcht, aber auch auf die grundlegenden Gesetze des freien Marktes reduziert werden kann. Dieses Freiheitsverständnis steht jedoch in diametralem Gegensatz zu demjenigen der antiken griechischen philosophischen Tradition. In diesem Kontext gibt es keine scharfe Unterscheidung zwischen freiwilligem Handeln und unfreiwilliger Verpflichtung; Individuen werden nicht als autonome Agenten mit einer Vielzahl von Wahlmöglichkeiten begriffen. Freiheit ist vielmehr die Fähigkeit, das Gute ungehindert zu verfolgen; nur ein gut funktionierender Wille, bei dem das Subjekt sein wahres Wesen voll erkannt hat, kann dies tun. Das Böse zu tun, widerspricht dem ordnungsgemäßen Funktionieren des Willens; es ist kein Ausdruck der individuellen Fähigkeit zur Freiheit. Niemand verweigert sich freiwillig dem Guten, sondern es mangelt ihm an einer ausreichenden moralischen Bildung oder an der entsprechenden Selbstbeherrschung.

Der Christ in der Antike war frei, kein Götzenfleisch anzubeten oder zu verzehren; er war nicht frei, das Gegenteil zu tun, denn dann hätte er nicht mehr das Gute verfolgt. Ein Christ, der gegen das Verbot des Götzendienstes verstieß, übte nicht legitimerweise seine Fähigkeit zur Willensfreiheit aus, auch wenn er ohne äußeren Zwang gegen das Verbot verstieß. Vielmehr war eine solche Handlung das Ergebnis moralischer Unwissenheit oder eines Irrtums. Dasselbe könnte man von der frühchristlichen Praxis des Kommunismus sagen. Dieser war nur in dem Sinne „freiwillig“, als dass die Christen aus freien Stücken ein moralisch annehmbares Ergebnis ihres Handelns anstrebten. Wenn Freiheit das ungehinderte Streben nach dem Guten bedeutet, waren die Christen moralisch verpflichtet, sich an den kommunistischen sozioökonomischen Praktiken der Kirche zu beteiligen, da sie sonst vor Gott nicht als rechtschaffen gegolten hätten.
 

Die christlichen Ursprünge des modernen Liberalismus und Sozialismus

Die „antizipatorischen“ Folgen der spirituellen Gleichheit bedeuteten für die Kirche soziale und wirtschaftliche Gleichheit, was in den frühen christlichen Gemeinden zur Einführung eines formellen Kommunismus führte. Dabei handelte es sich nicht nur um Philanthropie, sondern um ein hochgradig organisiertes soziales Wohlfahrtssystem, das die Umverteilung von Wohlstand maximierte. Der frühchristliche Kommunismus war weit verbreitet und überdauerte Jahrhunderte, wobei er sowohl geografische als auch ethnisch-kulturelle Grenzen überschritt. Die kommunistischen Praktiken der vornizäischen Kirche wurzelten in der Jesus-Tradition des ersten Jahrhunderts. Die Existenz des frühchristlichen Kommunismus ist von Seiten der vornizäischen Väter und zeitgenössischer Heiden gut belegt.

Nachdem das Christentum zur offiziellen Staatsreligion geworden war, wurde die Kirche zunehmend hierarchischer, da die kirchlichen Funktionen mit denen der kaiserlichen Bürokratie verschmolzen wurden. Die kommunistischen sozioökonomischen Praktiken der frühen Kirche wurden von den mittelalterlichen Christen aufgegeben. An ihre Stelle trat eine Sichtweise, die Ungleichheit als statisch ansah, als Ergebnis einer „großen Kette des Seins“, die die Dinge vom niedrigsten bis zum höchsten Punkt ordnete. Die große Kette wurde von Theologen benutzt, um die streng geschichtete Gesellschaftsordnung, die aus der Asche der alten römischen Welt entstanden war, kosmologisch zu rechtfertigen. Sie verlieh dem Feudalsystem in Europa einen Anstrich von ideologischer Legitimität. In der großen Kette stand der Stellvertreter Christi, der Papst, an der Spitze, gefolgt von den europäischen Monarchen, dem Klerus, dem Adel und, ganz unten, dem landlosen Bauerntum. Dies führte dazu, dass die geistige Gleichheit als „antipathetisch“ angesehen wurde. Der heilige Thomas von Aquin lieferte eine weitere Rechtfertigung für die Ungleichheit aus rein teleologischen Gründen. In der Summa Contra Gentiles spiegeln Vielfalt und Verschiedenheit in der Schöpfung die von Gott geschaffene harmonische Ordnung wider. Bestünde das Universum nur aus gleichen Dingen, gäbe es nur eine Art von Gut, was der Schönheit und Vollkommenheit der Schöpfung abträglich wäre.

Bis zur Reformation im 16. Jahrhundert herrschte die antipathetische Sichtweise der christlichen Gleichheit vor. Martin Luthers ikonischer Akt – das Anschlagen der 95 Thesen an die Tür des Wittenberger Schlosses im Jahr 1517 – leitete eine kirchliche Autoritätskrise ein, die enorme Auswirkungen auf die Zukunft der abendländischen Geschichte haben sollte. Der Papst war nicht mehr der oberste Vertreter Christi auf Erden, sondern ein unrettbar korrupter Tyrann, der die Kirche mutwillig in die Wüste geistlichen Vergessens und des Irrtums gestürzt hatte.

Der Zugang zu bisher unbekannten Werken der antiken Wissenschaft und Philosophie vermittelte einer gebildeten Öffentlichkeit die heidnischen Erkenntniswerte, die den Weg für die wissenschaftliche Revolution des 17. Jahrhunderts ebneten. Der humanistische Ruf „ad fontes!“ wurde von den Reformatoren eifrig aufgegriffen. Er ermöglichte es ihnen, die scholastischen hermeneutischen Grundsätze (z. B. die Quadriga) und die wichtigsten Lehren des mittelalterlichen Christentums zu untergraben. Die Wiederentdeckung zuverlässigerer Bibelhandschriften war ein wichtiger Katalysator für die Reformation.

Reformierte Theologen, bewaffnet mit humanistischen textuellen und philologischen Methoden, studierten das Neue Testament und die vornizäischen Väter in den Originalsprachen. Dies führte zu einer christlichen „Renaissance“, einer Wiederentdeckung der frühchristlichen Welt. Verglichen mit der laxen Moral und der geistigen Gleichgültigkeit des spätmittelalterlichen Klerus erschienen die ersten vier oder fünf Jahrhunderte der Urkirche wie ein goldenes Zeitalter, das die lehrmäßige Reinheit der christlichen Orthodoxie bis zu Papst Gregor I. bewahrte, unbelastet von den groben Verzerrungen der scholastischen Theologie und der kirchlichen Tradition. Frühchristliche Lehren und Praktiken, die während des Mittelalters in Vergessenheit geraten waren, wurden unter den Protestanten wieder populär.

Die Reformatoren versuchten, den Geist des Urchristentums wiederzuerlangen, indem sie egalitäre und majoritäre Grundsätze in ein frühneuzeitliches kirchliches Umfeld einbrachten. Der egalitäre Gedanke wurde erstmals in Luthers Lehre vom allgemeinen Priestertum aller Gläubigen zum Ausdruck gebracht. Im Gegensatz zur mittelalterlichen christlichen Lehre, die den Klerus als Mitglied einer geistlichen Aristokratie betrachtete, erklärte Luther alle Christen gleichermaßen zu Priestern vor Gott, wobei jeder die gleiche Fähigkeit habe, zu predigen und den Mitgläubigen zu dienen. Auf dieser Grundlage forderte Luther ein Ende der unterschiedlichen Behandlung von Klerus und Laien im Kirchenrecht. Er verteidigte auch das Mehrheitsprinzip, indem er das Vorrecht der römischen Kirche anzweifelte, Geistliche für christliche Gemeinden zu ernennen. Calvin, der andere große reformierte Führer, erkannte die realen Folgen der geistlichen Gleichheit an, betrachtete sie unter dem Blickwinkel der universellen Gleichheit in der totalen Verdorbenheit.

Protestantische Radikale betrachteten die egalitäre Politik der reformierten Hauptkirchen als grundlegend unzureichend; jede konkrete Verwirklichung christlicher geistlicher Gleichheit setzte eine groß angelegte Wiederbelebung der kommunistischen sozioökonomischen Praktiken der Urkirche voraus. Müntzer, ein früher Schüler Luthers, ist repräsentativ für diese radikalere egalitäre Version des Evangeliums. Im Jahr 1525 ergriff eine Gruppe religiöser Fanatiker, zu denen auch Müntzer gehörte, die Macht über Mühlhausen in Thüringen. Während ihrer kurzen Herrschaft über die Stadt setzten sie das Programm der Elf Artikel um, ein revolutionäres Dokument, das soziale Gerechtigkeit und die Beseitigung der Armut forderte. Heiligenbilder wurden zerschlagen, Mönche aus ihren Klöstern vertrieben und Klostergüter beschlagnahmt und an die Armen verteilt. Von der Kanzel aus hielt Müntzer feurige Predigten, in denen er seine Gemeinde aufforderte, den „Götzen“ des Privateigentums abzuschaffen, wenn sie wünschten, dass der „Geist Gottes“ unter ihnen wohne. Als Anführer des Bauernkriegs in Deutschland wurde er im Mai 1525 gefangen genommen, nachdem sein Heer bei Frankenhausen besiegt worden war. Er wurde gefoltert und dann hingerichtet, aber nicht bevor seine Entführer ihm das Bekenntnis entlocken konnten: Omnia sunt communia [„Alles gehört allen“]. Ob das Bekenntnis die genauen Worte Müntzers wiedergibt, ist umstritten; es spiegelt jedoch Müntzers antimaterialistische Frömmigkeit und seine Auffassung, dass die Lehren des Evangeliums in vollem Umfang umgesetzt werden sollten, genau wider.

Der Münsteraner Aufstand von 1534–1535, der von Jan Matthys und Johann von Leiden angeführt wurde, war in seinem Radikalismus noch viel extremer. Nach der Eroberung der Stadt durch die Täufer erklärte Matthys Münster zum Ort des neuen Jerusalem. Katholiken und Lutheraner wurden daraufhin aus der Stadt vertrieben, ihr Eigentum beschlagnahmt und von Diakonen, die Matthys sorgfältig ausgewählt hatte, „nach ihren Bedürfnissen„ an die Armen verteilt. Sie machten sich daran, den Bewohnern der Stadt den primitiven Kommunismus der frühen Kirche aufzuerlegen. Das Geld wurde abgeschafft; die eigenen Wohnungen wurden zum öffentlichen Eigentum aller Gläubigen; die Menschen wurden gezwungen, in Gemeinschaftsküchen und -speisesälen zu kochen und zu essen, in Anlehnung an die frühchristlichen „Liebesmähler“. Ominöserweise ordneten Matthys und Johann sogar die Massenverbrennung aller Bücher mit Ausnahme der Bibel an. Dies sollte den Bruch mit der sündigen Vergangenheit und den Beginn einer neuen kommunistischen Ära symbolisieren, ähnlich wie das Jahr Eins des französischen revolutionären Nationalkonvents. Im Herbst 1534 schaffte die von den Täufern beherrschte Stadt Münster offiziell allen privaten Besitz innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen ab. Aber die Täuferkommune sollte nicht lange Bestand haben. Nach einer langen Belagerung wurden die Rädelsführer der Täufer, darunter Johann von Leiden, gefangen genommen, gefoltert und dann vom Bischof von Münster hingerichtet.

Die Diggers (oder „True Levellers“) und die Levellers (oder „Agitators“), die während der englischen Bürgerkriege (1642–1651) und des Protektorats (1653–1659) aktiv waren, wurden stark von der urchristlichen Lehre beeinflusst. Die von Gerard Winstanley gegründeten Diggers waren von den kommunistischen sozioökonomischen Praktiken der frühen Christen inspiriert. Sie versuchten, den Agrarkommunismus in England zu etablieren, wurden dabei jedoch von wohlhabenden Landwirten und lokalen Regierungsbeamten, die sie als Atheisten und Wüstlinge abtaten, oft gewaltsam bekämpft. Die einflussreicheren Levellers, eine radikale puritanische Gruppierung, versuchten, England durch die Einführung einer Politik der religiösen Toleranz und des allgemeinen Männerwahlrechts grundlegend zu demokratisieren. Ihre Ablehnung der monarchischen Willkürherrschaft von König Karl I. zugunsten einer egalitären Demokratie beruhte letztlich auf christlich-theologischen Prämissen. Prominente Levellers wie der „Freigeborene“ John Lilburne vertraten auf der Grundlage ihrer exegetischen Auslegung des Buches Genesis demokratische, egalitäre Grundsätze. Alle Menschen seien gleich geschaffen, und niemand habe mehr Macht, Würde und Autorität als ein anderer im Garten Eden. Da niemand das Recht habe, Autorität über andere auszuüben, könne nur die Volkssouveränität rechtmäßig als Grundlage für eine Zivilregierung dienen. Viele Vorschläge der Leveller, die im Agreement of the People niedergeschrieben waren, wurden in die englische Bill of Rights von 1689 aufgenommen. Dieses Dokument beeinflusste später die amerikanische Bill of Rights von 1791.

John Locke war der Begründer des modernen Liberalismus, einer politischen Tradition, die von christlichen religiösen Dogmen durchdrungen ist. Er leitete aus der christlichen geistigen Gleichheit viele soziale und politische Implikationen ab. Sein Glaube an die Gleichheit wurzelte in der festen Überzeugung, dass alle Menschen nach dem Bilde Gottes geschaffen wurden und damit von Natur aus gleich sind. Kirchenväter und mittelalterliche Theologen hatten lange Zeit argumentiert, dass alle Menschen, ob Sklaven oder Freie, „von Natur aus gleich“ seien, dass aber die soziale Ungleichheit unter den Menschen die Strafe Gottes für die Sünde sei. John Locke stimmte mit den patristischen und mittelalterlichen Autoren in Bezug auf die natürliche Gleichheit überein, lehnte aber deren Heranziehung der Erbsünde zur Rechtfertigung der passiven Akzeptanz der sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Ungleichheit der Menschen ab. Wie die protestantischen Reformatoren vor ihm glaubte er, dass die geistige Gleichheit nicht nur eschatologisch sei, sondern auch bestimmte Auswirkungen auf die reale Welt von weitreichender politischer Bedeutung mit sich bringe.

Lockes Argument für die universelle Gleichheit stützte sich auf eine sorgfältige historische und exegetische Auslegung der biblischen Erzählung. Die Erschaffung des Menschen nach Gottes Ebenbild hatte enorme Auswirkungen auf seine politische Theorie, insbesondere was seine Ansichten über das Wesen der bürgerlichen Regierung und den Umfang ihrer Autorität anbelangt. Ausgehend von seiner Lesart der Genesis argumentierte Locke, dass kein Mensch das Recht habe, andere Mitglieder der menschlichen Spezies zu beherrschen und auszubeuten. Der Mensch war von Gott geschaffen, um die Herrschaft über das Tierreich auszuüben. Im Gegensatz zu den Tieren, die von Natur aus minderwertig sind, kann es unter den Menschen keine Unterwerfung geben, da ihre Zugehörigkeit zur Gattung das Gepräge eines „allmächtigen und unendlich weisen Schöpfers“ trägt. Das bedeutet, dass alle Menschen von Natur aus frei und unabhängig geboren werden. Lockes Auffassung von der universellen Gleichheit bedeutete ferner, dass alle Menschen „im Besitz der gleichen Fähigkeiten“ waren. Obwohl sich die Menschen in Bezug auf ihre intellektuelle Ausstattung grob unterschieden, besaßen sie alle eine niedrige intellektuelle Fähigkeit, die es ihnen ermöglichte, abstrakte Ideen zu verarbeiten und die Existenz eines höchsten Wesens logisch zu begründen.

Locke vertrat die Auffassung, dass alle staatlichen Befugnisse auf der Zustimmung der Wählerschaft beruhen müssen. Dies war eine Erweiterung seines Glaubens an die natürliche Gleichheit der Menschen. Jeder Machtmissbrauch durch gewählte Vertreter sollte, nachdem alle gerichtlichen und politischen Möglichkeiten ausgeschöpft waren, durch eine bewaffnete Revolution behoben werden. Dies würde den Menschen die ursprüngliche Freiheit zurückgeben, die sie im Garten Eden hatten. Die Freiheit von der Tyrannei würde es ihnen ermöglichen, eine Regierung zu wählen, die dem Willen des Volkes besser entspricht.

Lockes Naturrechtstheorie stützte sich auf die biblischen Vorstellungen von einer idyllischen Vorgeschichte im Garten Eden. Im Gegensatz zu Monarchietheoretikern wie Filmer war die früheste gesellschaftliche Organisation des Menschen nicht hierarchisch, sondern egalitär und demokratisch. Wenn alle Menschen gleich geschaffen wurden, hatte niemand das Recht, jemandem das Leben, die Freiheit und das Privateigentum zu entziehen. In der politischen Philosophie von Locke sind Rechte im Wesentlichen moralische Verpflichtungen mit christlich-religiösen Untertönen. Wenn die Menschen verpflichtet waren, bestimmte natürliche Rechte an die bürgerliche Regierung abzutreten, dann nur, weil sie gemeinsam besser für das allgemeine Wohl verwaltet werden konnten. Die Rechte, die nicht aufgegeben werden konnten, galten als Grundfreiheiten, wie das Recht auf Leben und Privateigentum.

Christliche Schriftsteller der frühen Neuzeit haben sich detailliert vorgestellt, wie eine ideale kommunistische Gesellschaft aussehen und wie sie funktionieren würde. Die früheste kommunistische Literatur entstand in einem christlich-religiösen Kontext. Ein berühmtes Beispiel ist Thomas Morus Utopia aus dem Jahr 1516, das sich mehr den patristischen Idealen des Kommunismus und der klösterlichen Gleichheitspraxis verdankt als Platons Republik. Ein weiteres explizit kommunistisches Werk ist das Buch Der Sonnenstaat des Dominikanermönchs Tommaso Campanella aus dem Jahr 1602. Diese Werke bilden eine wichtige Brücke zwischen dem vormodernen christlichen Kommunismus und dem „utopischen“ und „wissenschaftlichen“ Sozialismus des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte lieferten diese Schriften eine eingehende Kritik der sozioökonomischen Bedingungen der zeitgenössischen europäischen Gesellschaft und wiesen darauf hin, dass es nur durch die Einführung eines kommunistischen Systems möglich sein würde, die humanistischen Ideale der Renaissance vollständig zu verwirklichen. Sie gingen über die Vergemeinschaftung des Eigentums in isolierten patriarchalischen Gemeinschaften hinaus und sahen die Umwandlung großer politischer Einheiten in einheitliche wirtschaftliche Organismen vor. Diese sollten durch soziales Eigentum und demokratische Kontrolle gekennzeichnet sein. Diesen Schriften lag die Annahme zugrunde, dass nur die Macht des Staates eine gerechte und humanitäre Gesellschaftsordnung herbeiführen könne.

Der „utopische“ oder vormarxistische Sozialismus war eine wichtige Etappe in der Entwicklung der modernen linken Ideologie. Seine wichtigsten Vertreter, Blanc, Cabet, Fourier, Saint-Simon und Owen, waren entweder gläubige Christen oder Männer, die von den sozioökonomischen und ethischen Lehren des Urchristentums zutiefst beeinflusst waren. Sie betrachteten Jesus von Nazareth oft als großen sozialistischen Führer. In der Regel glaubten sie, dass ihre Version des Kommunismus eine getreue Umsetzung der evangelischen Botschaft Jesu sei. In der vormarxistischen Sichtweise war der Urkommunismus der frühen christlichen Kirche ein Ideal, das es zu umarmen und nachzuahmen galt. Viele dieser Autoren verteidigten ihre kommunistischen Überzeugungen sogar durch ausführliche Zitate aus dem Neuen Testament.

Louis Blanc sieht in Jesus Christus den „erhabenen Meister aller Sozialisten“ und im Sozialismus das „Evangelium in Aktion“. Etienne Cabet, der Gründer der Ikarier-Bewegung, setzt das wahre Christentum mit dem Kommunismus gleich. Wenn der Ikarismus die irdische Verwirklichung der Vision Jesu von einem kommenden Gottesreich sei, sei es unerlässlich, dass alle Kommunisten „Jesus Christus und seine Lehre bewundern, lieben und anrufen“. Charles Fourier, ein früher Begründer des modernen Sozialismus, betrachtete Jesus Christus und Isaac Newton als die beiden wichtigsten Figuren bei der Entwicklung seines Glaubenssystems. Er verankerte seine sozialistische Ideologie ganz in der christlichen Tradition. Als einziger wahrer Nachfolger Jesu Christi fühlte sich Fourier als „Tröster“ (Johannes 14,26) auf die Erde gesandt, als „Messias der Vernunft“, der die gesamte Menschheit im Sinne sozialistischer Industrie rehabilitieren würde.

Henri de Saint-Simon, ein weiterer wichtiger Begründer des modernen Sozialismus, glaubte, dass das wahre Evangelium Christi ein Evangelium der Demut und Gleichheit sei. Er trat für ein „neues Christentum“ ein, das die praktischen und wirtschaftlichen Implikationen der von Jesus gepredigten gerechten Weltordnung verwirklichen sollte. Saint-Simon war auch ein früher Vorläufer der Bewegung des Sozialen Evangeliums, die versuchte, soziales Leid durch die Anwendung christlicher ethischer Grundsätze zu mildern. Der frühe walisische Begründer des modernen Sozialismus, Robert Owen, stand zwar dem organisierten Christentum und anderen etablierten Religionen feindselig gegenüber, betrachtete seine Version des Sozialismus jedoch als „wahres und echtes Christentum, befreit von den Irrtümern, die ihm anhafteten. Nur durch die Praxis des Sozialismus könnten die „unschätzbaren Gebote des Evangeliums“ in der heutigen Industriegesellschaft voll verwirklicht werden.

Die ersten Pioniere des Sozialismus, die alle auf christlich-religiösen Grundsätzen beruhende sozioökonomische Ansichten vertraten, übten einen tiefgreifenden und nachhaltigen Einfluss auf Marx aus. Seine neochristlichen religiösen Überzeugungen müssen als der einzige wirkliche historische Nachfolger des orthodoxen Christentums angesehen werden, vor allem weil seine Ideologie zur Umsetzung der christlichen sozioökonomischen Lehren in einem bis dahin unvorstellbaren Ausmaß führte. Müntzer, die radikalen Wiedertäufer und andere christliche Kommunisten werden als wichtige Vorläufer der modernen sozialistischen Bewegungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. In Friedrich Engels’ kurzer Monographie Der Bauernkrieg in Deutschland wird Müntzer beispielsweise als der Mann verewigt, dessen religiöse und politische Ansichten seiner Zeit weit voraus waren. Er verfügte sogar über ein weitaus ausgefeilteres „theoretisches Rüstzeug“ als die vielen kommunistischen Bewegungen der Zeit von Engels.

Die primitive kommunistische Umwandlung der sozioökonomischen Ordnung unter dem Christentum basiert auf 1.) der Beseitigung aller ethnisch-sprachlichen und sozioökonomischen Unterschiede zwischen den Menschen (Einheit in Christus) und 2.) der grundlegenden geistigen Gleichheit aller Menschen vor Gott; sie ist das Spiegelbild der modernen kommunistischen Umwandlung der sozioökonomischen Ordnung unter der klassischen marxistischen Ideologie, die auf 1.) der Beseitigung aller Klassenunterschiede zwischen den Menschen und 2.) einer grundlegenden „Gleichheit“ des Zugangs zu gemeinschaftlichen Ressourcen an landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen und Industriegütern basiert. Die zahlreichen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen dem christlichen Kommunismus und dem Marxismus sind zu auffällig, als dass sie rein zufällig sein könnten. Ohne den dominierenden Einfluss des Christentums wäre der Aufstieg des modernen Kommunismus und Sozialismus unmöglich gewesen.

Die protestantische Reformation des 16. Jahrhunderts verbindet den sozioökonomischen Egalitarismus der frühen christlichen Gemeinschaften mit dem sozioökonomischen Egalitarismus des modernen Westens. Als religiöse Massenbewegung, die im späten Mittelalter begann, hat sie den Verlauf der westlichen Zivilisation tiefgreifend beeinflusst. Die Reformation spielte eine entscheidende Rolle bei der anfänglichen Formulierung und Verbreitung der liberalen und sozialistischen Formen des egalitären Denkens, die heute die dominierenden Staatsreligionen der modernen westlichen „Demokratien“ sind. Ohne Luther und den Massenaufruhr, der in seinem Gefolge stattfand, wäre die christliche geistige Gleichheit eine eschatologische Tatsache geblieben, die keinen direkten Einfluss auf die moderne säkulare Welt gehabt hätte.

Spenglers Feststellung, dass „die christliche Theologie die Großmutter des Bolschewismus ist“, ist eine Binsenweisheit. Alle Formen des westlichen Kommunismus haben ihre Wurzeln in der christlichen Tradition. Das Gleiche gilt für das liberale egalitäre Denken, das ebenfalls in einem christlich-religiösen Milieu formuliert wurde.
 

Karl Marx, Hauptinterpret des „protestantischen Aquinas“

Die marxistische Ideologie ist weder rational erklärbar noch empirisch überprüfbar. Das bedeutet, dass der Marxismus nicht revidiert werden kann, wenn sich seine Prophezeiungen nicht bewahrheiten oder seine Kardinallehren widerlegt werden; stattdessen ist der marxistische Ideologe wie der christliche Religiöse gezwungen, sich auf eine hirnverbrannte Apologetik einzulassen, um eine dünne Verblendung ideologischer Seriosität aufrechtzuerhalten. Trotz der Behauptung, „wissenschaftlich“ zu sein, erfordert der Marxismus eine starre Lehrmeinung, die die Exkommunikation von Ketzern verlangt, die vom etablierten Glaubensbekenntnis abweichen. Der Marxismus ist in der Tat ein neochristlicher religiöser Kult mit eigenen Propheten, Erlösern, heiligen Büchern, heiligen Tagen und heiligen Stätten sowie heiligen Ritualen und Andachtsmusik.

Der Marxismus hat dieselben Grundlehren wie das Christentum, wenn auch in einem materialistischen Gewand. Der Garten Eden findet sein marxistisches Gegenstück in der egalitären Gesellschaftsordnung, die der Entstehung der Zivilisation vorausging. Zum paradiesischen Sündenfall kommt es durch den Ungehorsam von Adam und Eva; in der marxistischen Weltanschauung erfolgt der Fall mit der Einführung der Arbeitsteilung. Im Christentum gibt es den Teufel, im Marxismus ist der Bösewicht der Kapitalist. Der historische Materialismus von Marx ist lediglich der eschatologische Rahmen der christlichen Orthodoxie in säkularisierter Form. Im Christentum wirkt Gott durch die Geschichte, um die Auserwählten zu erlösen. Dies führt zu einem apokalyptischen Showdown zwischen den Mächten des Guten und des Bösen, der tausendjährigen Herrschaft Christi und der Wiederherstellung utopischer Verhältnisse auf der Erde. Die gleiche teleologische Sicht der Geschichte findet sich in der marxistischen Ideologie. Die inneren Widersprüche innerhalb des Kapitalflusses lösen sich zugunsten der Befreiung des Proletariats von der kapitalistischen Ausbeutung auf. Die kontinuierliche Verwertung und Konzentration der finanziellen Ressourcen in den Händen der Kapitalisten in Verbindung mit der „Verelendung“ des Proletariats führen zu apokalyptischen Bedingungen oder zur „Revolution“. Dies führt zum Sturz der Kapitalisten, zur Beschlagnahme der Produktionsmittel, zur Diktatur des Proletariats und schließlich zur Errichtung des kommunistischen Paradieses am Ende der Geschichte.

Marxens Geschichtsauffassung ist so tief im Christentum verwurzelt, dass seine Philosophie passender als ein Zweig des liberalen Protestantismus zu bezeichnen wäre. Dies würde Marx in eine christliche theologische Tradition einordnen, die mit dem Juden Saulus von Tarsus beginnt. Selbst Marx’ Atheismus schließt ihn nicht aus der christlichen Tradition aus; die Dialektik in Marx’ Geschichtsphilosophie hat dieselbe Funktion wie die dreieinige Gottheit des Christentums; beides sind abstrakte Instanzen, deren Zweck es ist, den Heilsplan der Geschichte in einem apokalyptischen Konflikt zu seiner endgültigen Vollendung zu bringen und die gesamte Menschheit in ein imaginäres goldenes Zeitalter zurückzuführen, das einst in der fernen Vergangenheit existierte. Wie die Urchristen und ihre reformierten Erben führt Marx die antizipatorische Sicht der geistigen Gleichheit der Menschen zu ihrem letzten logischen Schluss.

Woher hat der Marxismus seinen Charakter als eine säkularisierte Version des christlichen Evangeliums? Die philosophische Methode des dialektischen Materialismus, der Eckpfeiler, auf dem das gesamte Gebäude des „wissenschaftlichen“ Sozialismus errichtet wurde, leitet sich von Hegels Gebrauch der Dialektik in der Phänomenologie des Geistes ab. Hegel, der wegen seiner Systematisierung und Vereinheitlichung einer Vielzahl von Themen in der Philosophie und der christlichen Theologie als „protestantischer Aquin“ bezeichnet wird, konzipierte die Dialektik zuerst in seinen frühen theologischen Schriften. Philologisch und historisch belegt ist, dass Hegel, nachdem er sich als protestantischer Seminarist jahrelang in die Paulusbriefe vertieft hatte, den Begriff der Aufhebung aus Luthers Kommentar zum Römerbrief übernahm. Dies war Luthers Übersetzung des messianischen Begriffs katargesis in den Paulusbriefen. Hegel machte den Begriff zur grundlegenden Achse seiner Dialektik, weil Luthers Gebrauch von Aufhebung die doppelte Bedeutung des Aufhebens und Bewahrens hatte, wie das griechische Äquivalent katargesis.

Von größerer Bedeutung ist Hegels Rückgriff auf die protestantische trinitarische Theologie, um die zugrundeliegende Struktur der objektiven Realität zu erhellen. Für Hegel ist das Absolute die vollständige Totalität alles Existierenden; wenn man dies als Einheit betrachtet, ist das Absolute Gott oder das Selbstbewusstsein des Universums. Die Welt der Sinne und Erfahrungen ist notwendigerweise triadisch, weil sie als absoluter Geist die trinitarische Struktur der christlichen Gottheit widerspiegelt. Dies macht alles im bekannten Universum einer rationalen Erklärung zugänglich. Das „Mysterium“ hat in Hegels Version der protestantischen Theologie keinen Platz, weil der Glaube durch Wissen ersetzt wurde.

Hegels logisches System gliedert sich in drei Teile, die jeweils den drei Personen der Trinität entsprechen: I. Logik II. Natur III. Geist. Diese sind jeweils in drei weitere Kategorien unterteilt und so weiter, was Hegels Überzeugung widerspiegelt, dass jede Systematisierung von philosophischem und theologischem Wissen die zugrunde liegende triadische Struktur der objektiven Realität getreu widerspiegeln muss, um einen gewissen Grad an rationaler Kohärenz zu erreichen. Auch Hegels dialektische Methode, der Eckpfeiler seiner Philosophie, ist triadisch aufgebaut. Die Dialektik hat drei „Momente“: (1.) ein Moment der Festigkeit; (2.) ein dialektisches oder negativ rationales Moment und (3.) ein spekulatives oder positiv rationales Moment.

In Hegels dialektischem Dreiklang wird ein fester Begriff (erstes Moment) durch einen einseitigen oder einschränkenden Charakter (zweites Moment) instabil. Im Prozess der „Sublation“ (oder Aufhebung) wird der Begriff des ersten Moments überwunden und bewahrt, aber eine dem Begriff innewohnende Instabilität führt zur Schaffung seines direkten Gegenteils. Im dritten Moment entsteht aus der Negation der ursprünglichen Negation eine höhere rationale Einheit. Hegels teleologische Vision des historischen Prozesses entfaltet sich nach diesem dreistufigen dialektischen Prozess von Widerspruch, Aufhebung und Einheit der Gegensätze.

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